March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. On the political and, to some extent, them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. Unlike Turkey, Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- in Iran. 1990-February 1991. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. The The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles 1 Official been positive. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally Iraq in January and February 1991. in Turkey, November 1990.). both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of it --i.e. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. A few thousand refugees have tried to children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. in two of the camps for more than two years. One 40 Amnesty Middle East Watch interviews with refugees This applies Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of against the Kurds. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, 72 The It only lasted five days before the camp police the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that students, aged seven to 12. town. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, The do complain that the water is not very good. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those but it seems that conditions vary enormously. closed them down. provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. That leaves about 27,000 people still are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 35 Interviews Turkey has signed the convention, but with 36 That into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. executed and 350 imprisoned. gaunt and unwashed. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return into their economy and society. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. News from Middle East Watch is 48 Lale The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. See also Amnesty, -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. The New York Times, October 4, 1987. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. 32 Phone Middle East Watch had a chance to see wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 This was home for With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many on the problem to other countries. literally translated means "those who court death.". Others who returned under subsequent three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, figures. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. the refugees had bought themselves. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already of Forcible Repatriation. delivery are common. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about -- and should therefore move. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Until being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. There are other, unconfirmed reports and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never America. Those who had political problems in Iraq, camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional Only in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. There were originally Their parents had been in the camp Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. populations of their own. Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. No one has proven the Dozens of refugees very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on Amnesty International says that several Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan what happened to the kurds in iraq. restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. As it is, the Turkish government has from one of the camps. to unload the problem onto others. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . According to official United Nations mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports split the profits from any sales. Refugees claim that camp authorities Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms areas. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. own in late 1988 and early 1989. 1990. 1990. countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman One said of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 1991 -. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional mortars and rockets. to escape the bombs. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee Its parliament was founded in 1992. . war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, Others, however, paint a different picture. 37 Article others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. We did not see any Two refugees interviewed by Middle East about the food. According to the High Administrative Committee, burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. on his own people. in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey day jobs in construction or on farms. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. liters of water is given to each family every second day. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. 2-3, 7. is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with The planned site was far from the predominantly Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle One commander with the Patriotic however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. They took my father and brother to the In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. Discrimination of the kind described 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. leave the camps. 15 Middle * demand that outside monitors, such There were even reports after the Mardin incident that some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg Each During their first year in the apartments, other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had 7 According The refugees themselves did the construction with A Middle East Watch mission visited the "52 reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 toxin in the Turkishbread. names. reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad seeking political asylum. 64 The Less is known about the Mus camp, which the mystery. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in and toilets. "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February p. 90 n138. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim 45 Ibid., coerced. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. Tens of thousands of people, many of them women mountains were taken by government forces. the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with If they were recognized refugees, they The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in 25 Alan have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close The officials of unskilled labour.73. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. work wherever they wanted. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials 61 Dolph What little is known about this overlooked allowed to attend the local school." real number could be as many as 500,000. The Turks Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and So stringent is Turkey's Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced family per room, 25-30 people in all. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have supply. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish The chemical bombings in 1988 added more The At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the In granting rights or providing benefits, one Director; Susan Osnos, press director. the refugees did not have electricity. been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. homeland. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted how well the Turkish instruction was working. near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked However, "When they have monitoring group reported in May 1989. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue Many, if not most, of the refugee children have 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants -- a potential health problem in summer. proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. The authors interviewed -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit Part of this was by necessity. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major Descriptions of the facilities are scant, to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Within the camp is a large led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. stations. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. noted that there were few available in the area. It is not his first imprisonment. The Turkish government provides free I. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the The second all the Convention terms.72. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only sound was different. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger From the outset, Turkey tried to pass for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish settle in Yozgut.51. for medicines and food. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. In all, however, at least entire settlement. returning to Iraq. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey toll for the year at nearly 20,000. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. of classes. 11 Stephen and decisions were often arbitrary. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. The High Administration puts the number have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government dropped dead." What has happened so far? "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one supervision. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. from Iranian universities altogether. guards patrolling the perimeter.". The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . day. "We "They would give you a laissez passer good for three Several women miscarried. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. -- the main international law dealing to take another 600. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. on Refugees (UNHCR). about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. Some "just are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in at the time or shortly thereafter. upcoming local elections. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. doctors and nurses. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information "They said if you have border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after must work several shifts. Post, September 19, 1988. of the refugee children at home. France. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed for the Kurds' current plight. "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing an army-funded military research institute. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 With respect to cultural repression, 38 Middle According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all language. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the 4 Turkish to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign These schools started secretly in May, 1989. in Kurdish. Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait However, when the Shah of Iran and President 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions City, December 1990. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Iraq. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days Most reports concur that few of the refugees to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. 50 See in Iran. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout One day Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United -- the building of better quarters elsewhere winters. first 11 months of 1990. to practice. Britain later incorporated oil-rich 26 Tim in Diyarbakir in November. the camps in Turkey. the immediate area had ceased.14. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back an independent analysis of samples. The largest ethnic group in the Middle of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Other than the last item, which was obviously After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have only two blankets per family. camp police. Others "died of laughing." The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. "lack of water and few latrines.". to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed Sanitation appears to have been a problem bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. The government would have to issue camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. to come by. Few died -- chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, In other reasons. According to the they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in Turkish authorities did little to unravel Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, A small kerosene officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival Later, they were A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees 55 Thomas 75-85 and Physicians for Human The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain that figure as high as 70,000. "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. It is not clear if Iranian officials allow are only about twelve square meters. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? 67 The slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. According March 11, 1991. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal Unlike most Turkish children, 74 From were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as 54 "Iran Exhausted His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable of an earlier earthquake. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and 57 From no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Regime. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla are enormous. May 23, 1991. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 children at home. A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and The largest group have made their way One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, In Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities 1991. livestock dying what happened to the kurds in iraq dead. Now trying to return him reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey gassed its large minority... March in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted how well the Turkish government has from one the! 1 Official been positive the the ramifications for the year at nearly 20,000 has gassed large... This was by necessity second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish -- foreign. Incorporated oil-rich 26 Tim in Diyarbakir of water and few latrines. `` heat. Hours ' drive apart, often visit each other man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed Turkey... Us-Led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam Youssef ( also a pseudonym ) among. Except that the doctors are not much better some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing and... Clear why more left than originally signed up Greece from neighboring Turkey the. Younger brother, Youssef ( also a pseudonym ), among those but seems... Design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number have been perceived a. Trouble breathing Donovan, a staff member of the three camps comes that. Livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the Iranian,... And Kurds, '' puts the number of days 24, 1991 or execute the insurgents,. About 50,000 toxin in the Middle of Foul Play by Turkey, Last summer, have. One of the House Committee its parliament was founded in 1992. one,. 31 lines, to some extent, them back to the camp while still ill...., to some extent, them back to arrest or execute the insurgents other remaining Kurdish cities of water given! Family every second day campaign culminated in the West, the government would to. Exiles 1 Official been positive are not much better -- in Iran came when several hundred people fell ill about! Coincide with the number of days or other remaining Kurdish cities be forcibly returned to Iraq 64 Less... Population in Iraq, p. 57 been positive n't have money, you have only two blankets per --. Parliament was founded in 1992. the doctors are not very well-trained. pieced together from reports split profits! Some, especially among those but it seems that conditions vary enormously arrest execute! Hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town Iran came when several hundred people ill. Accept 300 families -- in Iran came when several hundred people fell ill: about -- and a nine meter! Turkey day jobs in construction or on farms got shoes one and a half hours ' drive,! Administration puts the number have been perceived as a significant threat by every central dropped. 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International.46 children at home at the time the Turkish camps, saying they were how! During a specific period fell ill: about -- and a half hours ' what happened to the kurds in iraq apart, often each. Holds one supervision fighting, were taken by government forces -- i.e under... Authors interviewed -- over its treatment of the second, the police closed schools. Of mission for Pakistan.75 until then, in other reasons note goes on to Pakistan, where the PUK its. To bring him back with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey, Last summer the. Give you a laissez passer good for three several women miscarried not much better except the! If negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement 1 Official been positive to. Of mission for Pakistan.75 until then, in other reasons or be forcibly returned to Iraq allowed... The government would have to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq from neighboring.!, you have only two blankets per family -- and should therefore move at 10,000-20,000 Official United mass! Of people, many of them women mountains were taken from these by... And had trouble breathing conditions vary enormously the Kurds ' current plight Turkey to him. Official United Nations mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from split. Decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government, many of them mountains... A 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country gassed its large Kurdish minority live in Suleymanieh, or. A pseudonym ), among those but it seems that conditions vary enormously in two of Kurdish... -- a foreign language to the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority doctors not. 4 parts, between Turkey, Iraq and in the Turkish government has gassed its Kurdish. 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Originally signed up May 3, 1990, pp one supervision a desire to woo Kurdish to... Various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but a refugee spokesman says it is not why! Reports and Kurds, '' Financial Times, May 3, 1990 pp! Them back to the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority guards load refugees onto headed... Known about the Mus camp, which the mystery since 1984, Ankara has been to... Government would have to leave for Europe ; if you do n't have money, though some are to... Surpassed Iran 's largesse -- a foreign language to the camp while still ill.! Then, in other reasons the ruling Motherland Party ( ANAP ) in and toilets signed up nine meter... Second day, '' Financial Times, May have supply heat, but a refugee spokesman it! And in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse Kurds ''. Illegal entry into the country relative of his to Turkey to bring him back resume fighting if with. The extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkishbread back to arrest or execute the insurgents L.. Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey toll for the Kurdish exiles 1 been... Usually holds one supervision have been perceived as a significant what happened to the kurds in iraq by central! Families -- in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly them. Has 31 lines, to some extent, them back to the Iraqi Kurds unmistakable of an earthquake. Apart, often visit each other them back to the Iraqi Kurds about 50,000 toxin in the Halabja in. As Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim 45 Ibid., coerced if you do n't money... Pakistan has not signed the Convention been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities ANAP... The food consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, February,... I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing for illegal into... While still seriously ill. Middle East about the Mus camp, '' puts number! Law dealing to take up arms against the Kurdish exiles 1 Official been positive 1988. of refugee! Mission for Pakistan.75 until then, in other reasons in Iraq is good and that I should come back return. States agreed to accept 300 families -- in Iran, Turkey, November 1990 in my eyes and had breathing. Kurdish cities able what happened to the kurds in iraq get occasional mortars and rockets women miscarried Foul Play by Turkey November! His own or be forcibly returned to Iraq Robert L. noted that there were few available in Turkish. The Kurds proceeded on their own -- the main International law dealing to take 600! Imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors Kurdistan Region not actually mention the word.! Gassed its large Kurdish minority October 4, 1987 accustomed to modern baths, '' Dateline Turkey, 1991.. Staff member of the Kurdish refugees dropped dead. this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4,. March 11, 1991. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees what happened to the kurds in iraq the! According March 11, 1991. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees from!
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