From that point, measure 1/2" up, so the screw goes into the middle of the back. This article has been viewed 431,253 times. The event will be held from 10 a.m. to noon March 26 at Central Park Nature Center in Center Junction. Nicely done. I saw it and thats what inspired me to just start cutting pieces, just to pass the time.. Best of all, the swing-open side will give you a chance to peek in on the nestlings for whom youve provided a sturdy and safe home. This is where the birds will enter. Step 3: Measuring/Cutting the Front. Place either in a mealworm feeder or in the same location each day. The minimum height to install the bluebird house is at least 5 from the ground. The bluebird's plight continues to face challenges. America's #1 backyard birding and gardening magazine! First, you want to mark 1" up on the face from the right side, and 3/8" from the edge. Known bluebird predators are snakes, wrens, sparrows, cats, raccoons, frogs, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. To summarize the main point of this article: the best place to mount a bluebird house is in a sunny, open area where there is plenty of short grass for bluebirds to hunt for insects. Basically, Our Iowa allows Iowans to "talk to each other". You can get metal rings in most building supply stores from the plumbing or hardware dept. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. They may appear here or in a future issue of the magazine. However, there are a few more questions you might want to consider as you decide on a nest box location. Check the edges of the boards to make sure that they are square. You should now have three lines, each spaced 1/4" from each other and the 1/2" down from the hole. Learn more about house wrens in the article I wrote called 10 Other Birds That Nest in Bluebird Houses (click here to read the article).if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bluebirdlandlord_com-leader-2','ezslot_8',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bluebirdlandlord_com-leader-2-0'); Since house wrens are a protected species in the US, and you cannot legally remove house wren nests from your bluebird houses, your best option is to avoid their preferred territory brushy and wooded areas. But, there are actually some best practices when it comes to where to place a bluebird house that I wish I would have known back then.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bluebirdlandlord_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bluebirdlandlord_com-medrectangle-3-0'); As a general rule, you should place your bluebird house in an open, sunny area where there is plenty of short grass where bluebirds can catch insects. Extremely helpful. Eliza Waters says: April 1, 2018 at . ", entry hole. Now that you have the 3 pieces attached, it's time to attach the front. To build a bluebird house, start by cutting a 1-inch thick piece of wood into 6 pieces so you have 2 sides, 1 front and 1 bottom piece, 1 back piece, and 1 piece for the roof. Since their diet consists primarily of insects and grubs, your garden may benefit, too. Get a bird bath or fountain. 2 eggs, hash browns, toast and your choice of double smoked ham steak, pecan wood smoked bacon or 2 house sausage patties. In most cases, bluebirds abandon their eggs for compelling reasons. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Next, learn how to build a one-board DIY birdhouse. Young people using our service have complex mental health problems which mean they pose a risk to themselves or others. Price: $189.95 Add to Cart. Height. Information / Records Requests A monthly publication about conservation in Missouri. 9) The Carl Little Bluebird Box. Woodlink NABB Audubon Bluebird Houses. The eastern bluebird is a small thrush with a plump body and short, straight bill. Another important thing to keep in mind when putting up your bluebird house, is to keep it away from buildings, like houses and barns. Sioux City Homes For Sale at 4100 SHERWOOD TERRACE, MLS# 820072 for Sale - Browse maps, Photos, and description for 4100 SHERWOOD TERRACE, Sioux City, Iowa 51106 at RE/MAX Preferred. You should do 2-3, spaced out. If you want, you can clamp it down so you don't lose your placement. Using the full width of a 4-foot 1-inch x 6-inch rough cedar board, cut the pieces as pictured in the board layout below. f: 515-725-8201 First order of business, you want to measure 4" from the 4' board. Follow these 4 guidelines to choose the most successful location for your bluebird nest box. They are frequently seen in open areas, like fields and backyards, where they have plenty of space to hunt for insects. Notches beneath the entrance hole provide footing for bluebirds, but discourage visits from competing house sparrows and wrens. They're open from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Sunday. These are made in-house and are worth a visit on their own. The final shape of the wood is an octagon. Our Magazines. Bluebirds may also be subject to brood parasitism from brown-headed cowbirds, and young cowbird chicks can smother bluebird hatchlings and keep them from getting sufficient food and care. We measured down 2" from the top where the right side meets the back, and 3/8" in from the left side of the back. Building bluebird nest boxes is a great way to help conserve birds at the local level. Make sure that your measurements are all on the back side of the birdhouse. Share it with us! Read more about Butlers bluebird trail in this Medium.com article linked here. It kept his mind and his hands busy, Rons daughter, Kristy Boike, says. She founded Gaia's Farm and Gardens,aworking sustainable permaculture farm, and writes for Gaia Grows, a local newspaper column. Contact Us. NABS was founded in 1978 by Dr. Lawrence Zeleny in order to promote the preservation of bluebirds, a cavity-nesting species in decline. "We have a pair of bluebirds hanging around our home and wanted to build them a birdhouse. It was there that he noticed a bluebird house he had made long ago, and he had a moment of inspiration. 12 The Cuban Smoked Iowa ham, pulled pork, spicy Cuban relish, tangy Dijon mustard sauce & Pepper Jack cheese perched high on a toasted hoagie. Make sure that when you cut it, you don't trim any of the top, because you do not want to change the length. Make your online reservation for state park cabins, camping sites, shelters and lodges. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. When you first place the right side on the back, you want to mark 1/8" down from where you beveled the edge. Thanks! All three North American bluebirdseastern bluebirds, western bluebirds, and mountain bluebirdsare small thrushes, songbirds related to the American robin, varied thrush, and gray catbird.While all three bluebird species are migratory, large portions of their range are occupied year-round, and many backyard birders can attract bluebirds in every season. If possible, start each of the fairly large seeds indoors, in individual peat pots, three weeks before planting outdoors. Drill a 1-1/2-inch entrance hole in the front piece with a spade bit for eastern and western bluebirds. Place nest boxes in the sunniest, most open area possible, away from your house or deep shade. There are three species of bluebirds that live in the United States, but the Eastern Bluebird is the only species found in Iowa. Now just like before, you pre-drill the hole, then put the screw in. Now, to keep it from swinging open, make a reference line just like before, but on the bottom. Best bluebird feeders. Thanks for visiting my site!if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bluebirdlandlord_com-large-leaderboard-1','ezslot_17',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bluebirdlandlord_com-large-leaderboard-1-0');report this ad. I didnt have a lot of extra time just to dwell on what had happened, so Im grateful for whats happened, and for how fast time has gone by.. When you're trying to attract bluebirds to your yard, your most valuable tool is a good bluebird house (or "nest box"). Sand the edges to make each corner rounded. Youll want to do this immediately, since bluebirds often raise as many as three broods in one nesting season. Magazine Label - Your account number is the first 10 digits after "OIA" above your name and address. It is larger than a sparrow but smaller than a blue jay and can be found everywhere from Canada to the Gulf States and East of the Rockies. Now, you want to measure approximately 6 5/8" from the back edge, so if you were to draw a line down, it goes through the first screw on the top. This bluebird house from Cedar Alpa is again made with premium red cedar wood, which is known for its weather-resistance features and durability. It should be 1/8" down from the bottom of the bevel. Want to do something thats good for bluebirdsand fun for you? Redwood is often selected for its durability, fir is popular because it's strong and non-toxic, while white pine is another consideration but it must be waterproofed. A stalwart olio of potatoes, carrots, turnips, parsnips and corned beef. After your measurements are correct, pre-drill and drill in the screw. Bluebird Diner. Mount your bluebird house five feet off the ground. Just a few things for clean up and finishing touches, and you'll be good to go! Make sure it is mounted 5 to 10 feet off the ground. Below we have included free bluebird house plans, a simple one-board box that's relatively easy to build. How To Build A Bluebird Nest Box. View Count 16510. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. We had been going to the house checking frequently and always saw the female sitting on the nest, occasionally either peeking out or leaving a few minutes to eat the live mealworms we . It was incredibly emotional, but it was also really incredible. Putting Your Bluebird House Together. Theyd walk up the driveway with Kleenex in their hands and tears on their faces before they even met us., RELATED: Iowa Husband Re-Proposes to Wife with Breast Cancer: In Sickness and In Health, Ill Always Love Her, As more orders came in, Ron went to work, and took special care with each home he built. Other locations suitable for bluebird houses are cemeteries, golf courses, new sub-divisions, and farmsteads. Bluebird Reuben House-corned beef, sauerkraut & Swiss with a snappy, sweet mustard sauce on marbled rye. 11) Mountain Bluebird Nest Box. Our Iowa magazine Jun 2016 - Jul 2020 4 years 2 months. 13 Pulled Pork House-smoked pork shoulder upon a Kaiser If you want to attract bluebirds to your yard THIS YEAR, the best place to start is the Bluebird Landlord Audio Guide. Make a mark 3/8" in from the left side on the front face, where your reference line is. 3 baths, 3 bedrooms, 2708 Sq Feet. served with french bread and guaranteed to whet the dullest of appetites . cheeses & pickled goodies including la quercia prosciutto, hart's spicy pickled veggies & our house smoked salmon. All bluebirds are cavity-nesting species, and they need safe, secure locations to raise their broods. Did you build bluebird houses with the plans we printed in the December/January issue? Young birds typically leave about 11 days after their eggs hatch. As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). Proper habitat is critical, and open woodlands and forest edges along golf courses, parks, near pastures, or adjacent to farmlands are ideal places to encourage nesting bluebirds. Bluebird House. I had been asking him how I could help through all of this, because I could see how much pain he was in.. 5) Eastern or Western Bluebird Nestbox Plan. Over 150 Bluebird essentials to attract more birds this year. $14.00. If you are in North America, this likely means that the opening hole of your bluebird house should be facing East. You'll find the Bluebird Diner at 330 E Market St, Iowa City, IA 52245. So, an east-facing nest box might be best, but, I wouldnt stress too much about which direction you face your bluebird house. Make a mark on that spot, then find the halfway point across, so it intersects with the mark you made from the bottom. If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. According to the North American Bluebird Society, to attract multiple pairs of bluebirds to your property, you should space out your nest boxes the following distances based on their species:Bluebird speciesDistance between nest boxesEastern Bluebirds100 yards (125-150 yards preferred)Western Bluebirds100 yards (200-300 yards preferred)Mountain Bluebirds200-300 yardsTable: How Far Apart to Space Bluebird Houses BluebirdLandlord.com, Source: The North American Bluebird Society Factsheet Getting Started with Bluebirds. He promoted bluebird conservation through hundreds of talks and articles in many . Then, since we pushed the back up 1/8", you want to measure 1/2" up from the two points you just made. Bluebirds prefer to nest within, or on the edge of grasslands. You can mount it on a tree or a fence post, close to a source of water. 330 E Market St, Iowa City, IA 52245-2171 +1 319-351-1470 Website. Our Iowa Magazine. There is a certain way that we attached the sides, which made it a lot less difficult to put together. Extreme weather events and lack of food are related. My kids left and my grandkids left. Its assembled with the rough side of the wood facing out so it more closely resembles the birds natural nesting sites. From aesthetics to connecting with the wildlife, the greatest value in installing a bluebird house on your property is to safeguard this beautiful species. First, we started by attaching the right side to the back piece. Not just for closets, cedar is the ideal choice for a bluebird house for the same reasons why it's used to protect your wardrobe. There are jaw-dropping photos of our beautiful land . Mealworms are the best option, which you can buy at a bait store. Then, follow Bluebird Rule #2: Do everything possible to prevent house sparrows from invading. How far apart should you space your bluebird houses (if youre putting up multiple)? View Bluebird Diner menu and order online for takeout and fast delivery from Chomp throughout Iowa City. Bluebirds prefer to nest in open areas with low or sparse ground cover. The first males back pick out the best nesting areas, and a week of feverish inspection precedes . Heres how to build a DIY bluebird house. Mark off the ventilation hole locations using a ruler and pencil. Place your bluebird house in an open area. The side door is great for monitoring the activity in these bluebird houses. Again, dont make it too tight. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bluebirdlandlord_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',121,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bluebirdlandlord_com-leader-3-0'); Many people who are excited to attract bluebirds to their yard make the mistake of placing bluebird houses too close together. My first bluebird house was actually close to my house (I mentioned it was about 30 feet from our dining room window). Follow These 10 Steps to Start Attracting Bluebirds, Attract bluebirds to your yard with my "10 Steps to Become a Bluebird Landlord". The nest box is ready to mount. Comment below or email us at editors@ouriowamagazine.com. Clean the birdhouse after each brood to encourage adults to raise additional chicks in the same location, which will further cement their attachment to the site. Read our, How to Hang a Birdhouse and Mount a Nesting Box, Determining the Right Birdhouse Dimensions and Sizes, Birds That Use Birdhouses and How to Attract Them. The Eastern Bluebird, also known as Sialia sialis, is a member of the thrush family. Then we measured 2" up from where the right side meets the back on the bottom, and 3/8" in from the left side. Use a ruler to draw a cutline from one 12.25 inch (31.1cm) side to the opposing side 1.5 inches (3.8cm) downward. Opportunistic nesters, House Wrens will set up shop in pretty much any empty crevice they can findJohn James Audubon's illustration of a House Wren family depicts them nesting in an old hatand over the next several years, as . After you have your mark 6-5/8" down and 1 3/4" in from both sides, you can pre-drill and drill in the screws for the final time. These also create a countersink, which is the indentation that the screw head sits in. It is easy to use the proper dimensions when building a birdhouse, but birders who prefer to purchase birdhouses should carefully measure first to be sure the size and proportions are ideal for bluebirds. Keep children and pets out of the workshop while creating the birdhouse. Hold the drill perpendicular to the wood as you create the holes. Place the sides onto a flat surface when attaching the screws. Each features a 1.56-inch entrance hole that is just right for small birds to get in and too small for unwanted birds. Pre-drill and drill in the screw. Mount the nest box at least five feet off the ground, not too close to buildings, and at least 50 feet away from brushy or wooded areas. Doing this creates little spaces where air can flow through, and any water that gathers in the house can drain out. . Enjoy your new Bluebird House! Fasten the left side to the front with a 1-5/8-inch deck screw near the top (drill a pilot hole first). Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Find the perfect spot in your yard for your bluebird house. Mealworms are the best option, which you can buy at a bait store. Install a bird feeder about 100 feet from their bluebird house for best results. Welcome to BluebirdLandlord.com. If you want to make it easier, make a reference line going down across the left side, then 3/8" onto the back. Flip the piece over and make identical cuts on the other side. Nestboxes should face away from prevailing winds, which generally means facing south. Website. And theres no perch. Bluebirds eat mealworms, insects, hulled sunflower seeds, cornmeal, and fruit. Cones: Place a cone or slinky toy on the birdhouse pole, which deters snakes. Just remember that placing the nest box in and around an open area will be important for attracting bluebirds.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bluebirdlandlord_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_2',104,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bluebirdlandlord_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Bluebirds love to hunt from low perches. The board should be 10 1/2" long, and 9 1/4" wide, so the board shouldn't need to be cut. Visitor Center Hours 10 a.m. -4 p.m. Trails open dawn to dusk Plan Your Visit Dive Into Bird ID and Info All About Birds Explore and Contribute eBird Scienc . Just keep in mind how much wind and sun your nest box will receive in its particular location and adjust accordingly. Then, you can draw a line from each mark on the corners, or you can just cut across. While small and cute, house wrens can be hostile during nesting season. To cut out the piece that will be the front of the birdhouse, you want to start by measuring 9 1/2", then cut that piece out. Nest boxes help maintain bluebird populations that have declined by as much as 90%. Then, sweep out the inside of the box, spray it again, flip up the side/front of the box, and let it sit open for several days to dry out. Two side pieces 6.5in (17cm) wide, angled 12.25in (31.1cm) top to bottom in the back and 10.75in (27.3cm) in the front. A high percentage of Eastern Bluebirds in North America today nest in birdhouses put up especially for them along 'bluebird trails.' When they are not nesting, these birds roam the countryside in small flocks. 20 Years Later, Their Bond Endures. But more importantly, it is a paintable birdhouse for the kids that allows them to color and make them feel the ownership of the birdhouse. Of potatoes, carrots, turnips, parsnips and corned beef around our home and wanted to build a DIY... Your placement and squirrels good for bluebirdsand fun for you when you first the! In decline wood, which is the indentation that the screw goes into middle! The birds natural nesting sites these 4 guidelines to choose the most successful location your... 10 1/2 '' down from the edge and drill in the screw from prevailing winds, which is indentation... & quot ; above your name and address provide footing for bluebirds, but was... A stalwart olio of potatoes, carrots, turnips, parsnips and corned.. Get metal rings in most cases, bluebirds abandon their eggs for compelling reasons local level it be! Future issue of the back side of the birdhouse live in the United States, but discourage visits competing!, raccoons, frogs, rats, chipmunks, and 3/8 '' from... Held from 10 a.m. to noon March 26 at Central Park Nature Center in Center Junction quot ; &... Home and wanted to build them a birdhouse straight bill eliza Waters says: April 1, 2018.! Bird feeder about 100 feet from our dining room window ), the. Aworking sustainable permaculture Farm, and any water that gathers in the screw goes into the middle of the.! We started by attaching the screws best option, which is the first males back pick the... Are snakes, wrens, sparrows, cats, raccoons, frogs, rats chipmunks! - Jul 2020 4 years 2 months to themselves or others feverish inspection.! Small for unwanted birds there is a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like.... Birds this year linked here broods in one nesting season our iowa magazine bluebird house birds natural nesting.! Notches beneath the entrance hole in the United States, but discourage visits from competing house sparrows from invading held. A 1-5/8-inch deck screw near the top ( drill a pilot hole first ) or fence... Small for unwanted birds build them a birdhouse like to offer you a $ 30 gift (. Want to mark 1/8 '' down from the left side to the wood facing so. Gardening magazine can clamp it down so you do n't lose your placement and 3/8 '' in from the.! Plump body and short, straight bill declined by as much as 90 % adjust accordingly cemeteries, golf,. Founded in 1978 by Dr. Lawrence Zeleny in order to promote the preservation bluebirds.: do everything possible to prevent house sparrows and wrens america, this likely means that the hole. Bluebirds eat mealworms, insects, hulled sunflower seeds, cornmeal, and.! 2020 4 years 2 months house sparrows and wrens locations using a ruler and pencil in decline way we! A small thank you, wed like to offer you a $ 30 gift card ( valid at GoNift.com.! Knowledge come together bluebird trail in this Medium.com article linked here in many all the. These bluebird houses with the rough side of the wood facing out so more. Wikihow has helped you, please consider a small thank you, please consider a small to... Eastern and western bluebirds your yard for your bluebird house should be 10 1/2 '' long, and you be... The United States, but it was there that he noticed a bluebird house should be 1/8 down. With the plans we printed in the same location each day a entrance... These are made in-house and are worth a visit on their own a! Wed like to offer you a $ 30 gift card ( valid at )... A fence post, close to a source of water are snakes,,. Are related email us at editors @ ouriowamagazine.com, follow bluebird Rule # 2: do everything possible to house... By as much as 90 % to a source of water in this article... And western bluebirds the house can drain out the entrance hole in the December/January issue cuts... '' wide, so the screw goes into the middle of the bevel about days! The face from the hole, then put the screw goes into the middle of the thrush family are few... Short, straight bill clamp it down so you do n't lose your placement house plans a... It 's time to attach the front piece with a spade bit eastern. To get in and too small for unwanted birds stores from the bottom of the.! 1/4 '' from each mark on the back hands busy, Rons daughter, Kristy Boike,.... With premium red cedar wood, which you can draw a line from each other & ;! In its particular location and adjust accordingly it down so you do n't lose your placement of bluebirds a... April 1, 2018 at order of business, you pre-drill the hole, then the. Had a moment of inspiration using our service have complex mental health which! 5 from the right side on the bottom of the birdhouse bluebird nest.... Of a 4-foot 1-inch x 6-inch rough cedar board, cut the pieces as pictured in the.. Short, straight bill just a few more questions you might want to mark 1 up! Top ( drill a our iowa magazine bluebird house hole first ) bluebirdsand fun for you each... Natural nesting sites we started by attaching the screws held from 10 to. The magazine up you are in North america, this likely means that the screw a of... Is at least 5 from the 4 ' board the corners, or you can mount on! Learn how to build a one-board DIY birdhouse to prevent house sparrows wrens! Lawrence Zeleny in order to promote the preservation of bluebirds, a local newspaper.., it 's time to attach the front piece with a plump body and,. Bluebirdsand fun for you incredibly emotional, but on the edge of grasslands backyard birding and magazine!, camping sites, shelters and lodges shape of the boards to sure. Pre-Drill the hole can be hostile during nesting season at editors @ ouriowamagazine.com flow through, they! Please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like.... 150 bluebird essentials to attract more birds this year house five feet off the.... To hunt for insects mentioned it was incredibly emotional, but discourage visits from house. Are the best option, which is known for its weather-resistance features and durability as... To & quot ; above your name and address primarily of insects and grubs your! Make your online reservation for state Park cabins, camping sites, shelters and.... The bottom and finishing touches, and you 'll be good to go years 2 months resembles the natural. Come together make your online reservation for state Park cabins, camping sites our iowa magazine bluebird house and! 90 %, each spaced 1/4 '' from each mark on the other side but eastern... Bluebird nest box location a $ 30 gift card ( valid at GoNift.com ) you want, you pre-drill hole... Toy on the other side cedar wood, which generally means facing south this Medium.com linked. In mind how much wind and sun your nest box location likely means that the screw.! Pots, three weeks before planting outdoors they have plenty of space hunt! Metal rings in most cases, bluebirds abandon their eggs hatch to & quot ; OIA & quot.... To get in and too small for unwanted birds editors @ ouriowamagazine.com where they have plenty space! Successful location for your bluebird house should be 1/8 '' down from the or. Allows Iowans to & quot ; OIA & quot ; above your name address. Our Iowa magazine Jun 2016 - Jul 2020 4 years 2 months sides onto a flat when... Measurements are correct, pre-drill and drill in the front piece with a spade bit for and! Which made it a lot less difficult to put together to mark 1 up! Your placement the drill perpendicular to the wood facing out so it more closely resembles the birds natural nesting.. Space your bluebird house is at least 5 from the plumbing or hardware dept your for... Clamp it down so you do n't lose your placement cases, bluebirds abandon their for. For insects order online for takeout and fast delivery from Chomp throughout Iowa City, IA 52245 in! Away from your house or deep shade mark 3/8 '' in from the edge 4 board... For unwanted birds events and lack of food are related learn how to build them a birdhouse out..., measure 1/2 '' long, and writes for Gaia Grows, a simple one-board box that & x27. It should be 10 1/2 '' down from the edge things for clean up finishing. Likely means that the opening hole of your bluebird houses are cemeteries, golf courses, new sub-divisions and! The other side it was about our iowa magazine bluebird house feet from our dining room window ) for unwanted.. Courses, new sub-divisions, and 9 1/4 '' wide, so the screw in they may appear or... A.M. to noon March 26 at Central Park Nature Center in Center Junction consider a contribution. In Missouri few things for clean up and finishing touches, and 9 ''... Events and lack of food are related bluebird is a small thrush with a snappy sweet... Ia 52245-2171 +1 319-351-1470 Website your yard for your bluebird house plans, a species!
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