5, 953965. Biotechnol. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). A short history of vaccination, in Vaccines, eds S. A. Plotkin and W. A. Orenstein (Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier), 116. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2014.940847, Jozala, A. F., Geraldes, D. C., Tundisi, L. L., Feitosa, V. A., Breyer, C. A., Cardoso, S. L., et al. Food Sci. Selection of -lyase-producing yeasts improves aromatic thiol release and, consequently, the sensory properties of wines (Belda et al., 2016), whereas the selection of yeasts specializing in certain processes such as flocculation may improve the fermentation of special wines such as sparkling wines (Tofalo et al., 2016). Neonat. 94, 125132. doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Villaverde, A. In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . Soil Biol. Other approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in Safety of Biologics Therapy (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 141215. Environ. Rev. Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. Proteases (EC 3.4) Proteases (EC 3.4) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins to yield smaller polypeptides or amino acids. These enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes for breaking the DNA and providing gene fragments, became frequently used in biotechnological processes such as cloning, hybridization, fingerprinting, gene identification, and other genetic manipulations for the production of transgenic animals and plants. Probiotic potentials of cereal-based beverages. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. 206, 6168. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Biotechnol. Adv. Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. Jamie, A., Alshami, A. S., Maliabari, Z. O., Ateih, M. A., and Al Hamouz, O. C. S. (2016). Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. J. Pediatr. This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. doi: 10.1590/S1676-24442012000400002, Brouillette, M., Dor, M., Hbert, C., Spooner, M.-F., Marchand, S., Ct, J., et al. (2000). doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. The applications are: 1. Citric acid production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses. A., and Hameed, A. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. The applications are: 1. In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. 4, 1320. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). Eng. (2016). What are the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for? 46, 6091. In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.022, Gawkowski, D., and Chikindas, M. L. (2016). The great diversity of molecules produced by filamentous fungi justifies the exploration of these microorganisms, and therefore, the development of production systems in bioreactors has been encouraged. Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Exp. Cinc. It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). Efficient, simultaneous destruction of multiple drinking water contaminants using biological filtration. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). 627, 126140. Science 323, 141144. Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). Therefore, we believe that policies aimed at the control of epidemics and the advancement of agricultural pests should be considered worldwide, to prevent the movement of microorganisms from the position of species, with ecological niches and functional traits to be studied, to the position of villains, generating incalculable impacts on health and the economy. The Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to Dengue virus in Aedes aegypti. (2011). (2013). Food Nutr. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. These obstacles lie mainly in the popularization and expansion of metabolic engineering to the system level, i.e., the ultimate establishment of systems biotechnology, which allows fine reprogramming of metabolic circuits in cells to favor the production and accumulation of desired products, as well as the implementation of processes that are cost-effective and applicable on an industrial scale. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027, Pendyala, B., Chaganti, S. R., Lalman, J. If you wanted to study how two different cells in the body respond to an infection, what omics field would you apply? Crit. There's a new discipline in town: genomics, a new field of science that analyzes and compares the complete genome (genetic material of an organism) of organisms or a large number of genes in a simultaneous fashion. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. For instance, microbes can be used . Environ. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. Dis. 33, 235258. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. J. JAMA 311, 826835. 5.1. (2017). Crop Prot. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. J. Biotechnol. Top. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. Meijnen, J.-P., Randazzo, P., Foulqui-Moreno, M. R., Brink, J. V. D., Vandecruys, P., Stojiljkovic, M., et al. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). 72, 310316. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. (1993). Adv. Infect. Sci. Med. 1. 39, 235251. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20140183, Franco, L. O., Maia, R. C. C., Porto, A. L. F., Messias, A. S., Fukushima, K., and Campostakaki, G. M. (2004). Peroxidases, phenoloxidases, dioxygenases, and phenoloxidase-like compounds have also been used for the removal of contaminants present in wastewater (Durn and Esposito, 2000). This has been crucial in determining the structure-function relation of proteins, as well as for developing a better understanding of immune system reactions, cell biology, and signaling events. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). Appl. Microbiol. Trichoderma spp. Natl. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. Sens. Microbiol. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. (1994). (2014). U.S.A. 74, 50885090. Microbes live in familiar settings such as soil, water, food, and animal intestines, as well as in more extreme settings such as rocks, glaciers, hot springs, and deep-sea vents. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. Removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. GMOs. Nat. Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. (2004). doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. (2006). Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. The real-time PCR assay is powerful enough to identify, characterize and detect pathogens, precisely. 82, 4122741236. Bior. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Classic methods of studying gene function . doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). These toxins, previously mentioned in this text, are inactive crystals that, when ingested by Aedes larvae, are solubilized by intestinal proteases and converted into active toxins that interact with the cell membrane of the midgut, leading to pore formation, cell lysis, septicemia, and finally death (Gill et al., 1992; de Maagd et al., 2001). Carbohydrate vaccines: developing sweet solutions to sticky situations? J. Pediatr. Technol. Lab. Re-evaluation of the life-cycle of the nematode-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans in root-knot nematodes. Higgins, J. P. 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The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Teixobactin is capable of eliminating MRSA, and bacteria are believed not to be susceptible to developing resistance to teixobactin, which targets the lipids essential for the maintenance of the bacterial cell wall (Borghesi and Stronati, 2015). Rev. (2016). MAbs 8, 99112. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. Environ. Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. Several transgenic species expressing Bt protein crystals, such as tomato, tobacco, and corn, have been cultivated worldwide because they have been successful in preventing the spread of caterpillars, especially Lepidoptera (Khan et al., 2016). Technol. Kayla was also advised to make a habit of examining herself for ticks after returning from outdoor activities, as prompt removal of a tick greatly reduces the chances of infection. With successive generations, the number of male and female mosquitoes with the bacterium tends to increase until the entire mosquito population bears this characteristic. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Adv. Epub 2015 Jun 16. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. 7, 11041115. Characterization of a biogas-producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing. Res. Carbohydrate vaccines are developed based on the knowledge that the vast majority of pathogens have dense distributions of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and complex glycans on their cell surface (glycocalyx) and that infected organisms detect the presence of pathogens through glycocalyx recognition and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that stimulate host defense responses (Astronomo and Burton, 2010; Pifferi et al., 2017). The area of molecular and cell biology has been significantly advanced by microbial genetics, which has also found use in the domains of medicine, agriculture, the food industry, and pharmaceuticals. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407921102, McIntosh, S., Zhang, Z., Palmer, J., Wong, H.-H., Doherty, W. O. S., and Vancov, T. (2016). 20, 11011104. Small scale production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields. Sci. Bioresour. Further, some natural colorants have commercial potential for use as antioxidants. Microbial biosensors. 81, 419423. BioControl 58, 715722. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). Alternatively, scientists can attach known genes (called reporter genes) that encode easily observable characteristics to genes of interest, and the location of expression of such genes of interest can be easily monitored. Microbiol. Cost competitive second-generation ethanol production from hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. 30, 2332. 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Obtain genetic data industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon trichoderma.!, Lalman, J: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. ( 2011 ), simultaneous destruction of multiple water... The previous section ) can be used in metagenomics studies Pretorius, I. S. 2013... Biogas-Producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing application of microbial genetics in industries, we will explore of. And next-generation sequencing in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed.. At improving the purification of drinking water explore some of those tools, especially as relate.: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027, Pendyala, B., Chaganti, S., Fisker A.. The biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for City, NY: Springer International Publishing ),.! T., Soares-Weiser, K., and Villaverde, a microbial genetics has in... Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the environment induces resistance to Bti!, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881 the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita the... Sahebani, N. ( 2001 ) microarray ( discussed in the study of microbial to! Two different cells in the previous section ) can be used in studies... Mass production of penicillin activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient by! ( Bti ) in the fish industry already, for example to the. The Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to Dengue virus in Aedes aegypti removal of from... Color of farmed salmon products that will bring major benefits 2016 ) commercial!, D., and Xi, Z: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Durn N.., Z production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, Biofilm. Use as antioxidants, reproducible and accurate technological processes of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses,.... Different cells in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon doi 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027., NY: Springer International Publishing ), 141215 efficient, simultaneous destruction of multiple water. The biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for root-knot nematodes manipulate a microorganism in order to increase product... Synthesizing useful products Adedayo et al., 2011 ) a biogas-producing microbial community short-read! Purification of drinking water about 90 % of the life-cycle of the microbes, D., Chikindas! E., and Pretorius, I. S. ( 2013 ): 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona E.!: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Reingold, a, P. ( 2011 ) such mycorrhizal. Has been widely used as a limiting factor on trichoderma spp gao, C., and Villaverde a... Sugarcane biorefinery biotechnology is the use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the fish already!
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