68p. The document, For traveling in the opposite direction and trying to cross the borders of Europe, also in Poland, are thousands of refugees from the Middle East and elsewhere. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. and intellectuals.3 Some 4,254 of these were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1941, who then invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to study the corpses and confirm Soviet guilt.4 For more about Katyn, see: VHO.org. Western Poland during the massive population exchanges following Among the deportees 52 percent were Poles, 30 percent were Jews, and 18 percent were Ukrainians and Byelorussians. The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Gatooma. There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. A commandant usually a British official stood at the head of the administration of each of the settlements. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. http://www.pgsa.org/membership.htm Each camp had its own school, clubroom, and theatre. Warszawa Poland, The Head Office of State Archives The Soviet Red Army had taken the Polish officers prisoner after invading eastern Poland in September 1939. 02-103 Warszawa Polish children in Tengeru, Tanzania in 1946. granted him the right to enslave all of Eastern and half of Central Europe. Language--U. Varshava, 1997. In America, the date of the arrival of the first transport aboard the USS Hermitage (on June 25, 1943 consisting of 706 refugees, including 166 children) was a State secret. They then constructed temporary mud and thatch huts. Indeed, parts of this region are dotted with monuments and graves of foreign soldiers who fought and died in these parts. The Poles in Africa were mostly disappointed with the result of the conference in Yalta, which led to the dependency of eastern Poland to the regime of Joseph Stalin, and they did not want to return to Poland ruled by communists controlled by the authorities in Moscow. Their ships docked at Mombasa, the Kenyan port, and from there they scattered in various directions in East and Southern Africa - from the Equator to the Cape of Good Hope. 3. We were not first the Poles in Africa. The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War 2. (03.06.2019), Polish tractor maker Ursus signed a huge contract with Tanzania's National Service Corporation Sole. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. Shelved under: Naukove Tovarystvo im.Shevchenka. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. At the end of 1944, there were 13,364 Polish citizens in three countries of East Africa, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika. In August 1942, two schools were created, for younger (aged 8-15) and older scouts. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM. [3] Thanks to a remarkable reversal of fortune well over 110,000 Poles, including 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with Anders' Army. from Canada The refugees arrived on African shores in two stages. When using our website, the cookie files are downloaded onto your device. It is not only near Poland's 500-kilometre border with Ukraine where citizens are keen to show their solidarity with the refugees. Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. During 1939 to 1941 the Soviets deported 1,200,000 Poles deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor or resettlement, of which perhaps 146,000 died. The settlements were divided into sections and groups, and the heads of departments of education, pastoral care, health care, culture and work were appointed. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). about one in ten of all adult males,1 and murdered. Elated by this turn of events the far-flung Polish exiles began to make their way as best they could southward, to where Anders' army was forming, in the hope of liberation. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. It was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, filled with louse. [7] The categories of civilians first targeted by the NKVD included court judges, civil servants, staff of municipal governments, members of the police force, refugees from western Poland, tradesmen, forestry workers, settlers, and small farmers, as well as children from summer camps and Polish orphanages, family members of anyone arrested by the NKVD, and family members of anyone who had escaped to the West or had gone missing. ul. However, during first years of war the rate of German and Soviet murder of the Poles was much higher than that of the Jews. The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. In the second stage of evacuation from the interior, more than 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians left with General Wadysaw Anders across the Caspian Sea to Iran. order.5, To all this Polish misery, pain, and death, we must add what the Germans did in the Poland they ruled. Language--E. Cambridge, MA, 1988. To relieve ourselves, we had to jump out of the train whenever it stopped. Union under the provisions of that tenuous "amnesty" of 1941. [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. The Polish representative to the Potsdam conference claimed there were only 1,500,000, the United States estimated 2,000,000. For many, the help provided by the United States and Great Britain was too little and too late. The resulting film, "Memory is our Homeland," won the Audience Award at the Montreal International Film Festival in 2019. Awi'tojerska They were housed in the Polish Children's Camp located in Pahiatua. Hitler talked about the conquest and colonization of Poland. Harvard University. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. I will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran. Korespondencja do cz?onkw rodziny (1945-1946). Records [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. (01.02.2019). Nowoisiad-Ostrowska depicted quite a sociable image with singing songs in the evening, listening together to the radio in order to be informed about the war in Europe, and doing craftwork with other women in the evenings.[14]. Gadam. The food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee. Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. Father Waclaw Zajaczkowski even Korespondencja, m.in. This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. In Tengeru in Tanzania, which was the largest of the camps, they lay wreaths on the single memorial stone that bears one hundred names of people who were interred here. The resettlement from Abercorn was called Operation Polejump. Own farms were run. Pakistan: The school that's free for Afghan refugee children, New hurdles for rescuers at sea in the Mediterranean, Tunisia: Presidential scapegoating stokes fear and support, Canada Soccer president resigns amid equal pay dispute, Thousands of migrants have died in Southern Texas, When are refugees welcome and when not? Having unloaded H.M. Troopship Nevasa at Karachi, then in India, now West Pakistan they were tasked to sail to Khorramshahr, in Persia, now Iran on the 17th of March 1944. Trukhan, Myroslav. 22sm. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". 00-263 Warszawa The largest Polish settlement in Tengeru had 947 houses. Upon agreement between Prime Minister Wadysaw Sikorski and the government of Mexico, some 10,000 Polish refugees settled in Mexico. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. The actual number of Germans remaining in these former German territories put under Polish authority was one of the critical questions regarding both Poland's new borders and the expulsions. No wonder then that the estimates among Germans themselves for the human cost of the expulsion from the German eastern territories varies from 800,000 to 3,200,000 dead.29 Even lower figures are available. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. South Africa, South Rhodesia, and North Rhodesia also became the home of Poles. You can change the settings of your browser at any time. They settled in transit and permanent camps in the British colonies of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanganyika. "They were young, and these intercultural encounters have shaped their humanity.". . In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. 37-700 Przemysl And a few years ago, in 1996 in Chicago, the Poles of Santa Rosa celebrated the 50th anniversary of their arrival in the United States. Durand's grandmother made it to England in 1949. T.6. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. The majority of applications were citizens of the former Soviet Union (in particular, Chechnya and Ukraine).. Both settlements had hospital facilities run by Polish doctors and nurses. Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. List: Red Cross Polish Refugees The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. The contract was Ursus' third deal in Africa, a market that many Polish entrepreneurs are looking to boost. He was even more grateful at Yalta, when the Western Allies pomocy charytatywnej (1948-1949). Some went directly to Israel, but others to the African camps, says Anita Cwynar, whose aunt, Wiktoria Cwynar, is buried at Ifunda, in the Iringa region of Tanzania. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. The service can provide the following: + A town or village location search and, if available, a brief area history. The next groups arriving in October were directed to Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda and Kidugala. These countries included: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Sea transports were sent to the transit camps in British India (the port of Karachi in todays Pakistan) and from there to the settlements in India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand. + Copies of insurance death claims from the Polish Roman Catholic Union of Metiuk, Hryhorii. The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. papers in Archiwa IJP, Polish version, http://dione.ids.pl/~ijp/pol/aog4.html or Polish A Polish Child's WWII Journey. The first stop of the refugees evacuated with Anders' army was Iran, where they found temporary quarters in large transit camps initially located in Pahlavi and Mashhad, and later in Tehran and Ahvaz. As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. Zustrichi. He was assisted by the camp manager appointed by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. A protocol of the Polish-Soviet (Sikorski-Maisky) agreement of Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. Archiwum Akt Nowych The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. UNHCR's main objectives in Poland are to monitor access to territory and reception conditions as well as advocate for an efficient and protection-sensitive asylum system and related policies. Moreover, several Polish periodicals were published, Polish amateur theaters were founded, and Polish business enterprises flourished. ch.1,3-4, 1990. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy charytatywnej, zaproszenia page http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/, PIASA: http://www.piasa.org/polisharchives.html Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (it had 4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. camps, the Nazis murdered from 15,003,000 to 31,595,000 people, most likely 20,946,000 men, women, handicapped, aged, sick, prisoners of war, forced laborers, camp inmates, critics, homosexuals, Jews, Slavs, Serbs, Germans, Czechs, Italians, Poles, French, Ukrainians, and many others. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. After disembarking at the San Pedro naval dock near Los Angeles, the women and children under 14 years of age were placed in the Griffith Park Internment Camp in Burbank and the men in the Alien Camp in Tuna Canyon. camp) Poland, Archives: the deportees until the invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany on June Marunchak, Mykhailo (1914). NKVD agents issued Soviet passports to Poles in February-May 1943. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). This thesis explores why the camp was built in such a remote area . IWM collections, This media is not currently available. Krakivs'ki Ukrainoznavchi Zoshyty. Another quarter of a million were repatriated to the "recovered territories" of by Polish, British, American, and Iranian authorities soon improved their During his travels to the former Polish refugee camps in South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia, Durand said that local people "had good memories of the Poles,"who farmed and sent their children to school. 3 prymirnyky. Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. The relief assistance afforded Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. The Poles went to the regions in the Soviet Union where the Polish Army was founded under command of General Wadysaw Anders, counting on the protection and the possibility of leaving the Soviet Union together with the soldiers. THE TRUTH ABOUT JEDWABNE AND HEROIC DEEDS OF THE POLISH NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, See full text in: http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html. Peredmova Vasylia Markusia) 403st. They were boys and girls aged 14 to 18, who while in Soviet Union were members of a scout organization of the Polish Army. But those the Soviets only arrested and inprisoned were lucky. Fifteen Polish schools were eventually founded in Lebanon as well as a small Polish library consisting of some 500 Polish books and additional volumes in other languages. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. . They are ignoring the benefits migration can bring, says Ghanaian migration expert Stephen Adaawen. How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania, Tanzania joins projects financier Africa50, Bola Tinubu: Nigeria's political 'godfather', Tinubu declared Nigeria's president-elect. Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. [11] Polish soldiers and civilians who left stayed in Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran. As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected about 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews) as well as close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians. In the first stage, more than 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children left Krasnovodsk (Turkmen SSR, present-day Turkmenistan) by sea for Bandar Pahlavi. Podlesice Zivilarbeiterlager (public servants That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. What became of the rest? Why didn't America open its doors, and open them wide, to the Polish refugees? One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. Because PERIODICALS On November 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall (AP-115) arrived at Wellington, with 733 children on board. The pace of evacuation of Polish refugees from Iran to Africa was high. knows. The Polish Examination Board established examinations for students. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . The listing of refugees is not complete, because new waves of refugees were constantly flowing in. Adamem i Iza Zamoyskimi, Zofia, Janowa,Tarnowska, oraz w sprawach Workshops and village industries were started. unfortunate term "amnesty" (the word should have been "manumission" or "emancipation") to characterize the release of the exiles; they were Stalin's bargaining chip in the contest for the status quo ante borders of Poland. Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected only around 500 Polish refugees on his territory. Ul. It was often their first contact with whites, he told DW. Language--U. Varshava, There's lots more.Continue on with Poland page 2. Language--U. Varshava. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. For several weeks hundreds of machete-wielding Bunyoro men were put to work and cleared about a three kilometre-square of bush and elephant grass. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. There were definitely Jews among the evacuees. A small proportion of refugees, especially the Polish, was also absorbed into White society after the war. of hostages, reprisal raids, forced labor, "euthanasia," starvation, exposure, Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. The date is May 2000 and it comes http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/, http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421, http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_KRAKOW_11.jpg, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html, http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part2.html, Polish The little known story of the Polish refugees who fled to East Africa during World War II. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. Lelewela 4 t.3/4, 1995. Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates He ordered his military commanders to use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, and children. The dead were not included in the census, because . Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. There was no need to inform Stalin of the fact that the Soviet authorities often impeded the release of the deportees from their various places of confinement and absolved themselves from assisting them in any way whatsoever upon their release. That the Western Allies knew all about the deportations is clear from their relief efforts in their behalf in the Soviet Union and the Middle East. In Kenya, they were located in Rongai, Manira, Makindu, Nairobi, and Nyali near Mombasa. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. From a transit camp near Beirut they were sent to more permanent quarters such as those located in Ghazir, Zauk Michael, Ajaltoun, and Boladoun. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. T.5. ul. World War II. Unlike the Soviet Union, these were, after all, ancient civilized cultures. Bogdan Harbuz stayed at Koja camp: "We did not receive any money for food, we only got 5 shillings a month for our expenses. Dluga 6 He still gets goose bumps when he looks at the footage today. This number does not include those shot for failing or straying out of line during deportation, or disobeying an The Polish refugees also have a positive memory of the locals, says Durand. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. However, after Yalta and the change in Polish borders this became an impossible dream, although a few did return to join their families in Poland. The church was built at the centre of the settlement using local materials and papyrus thatch. Scouting was popular. Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. Although provisions were made to resettle several thousand Poles in that country, only two transports arrived in the summer and fall of 1943 with a total of 1,432 refugees. In time, various Polish institutions, including 24 schools serving some 3,000 students, were established in Iran and several. The Polish press developed (the biggest titles: "Pole in Africa" and "Voice of Poland", and a number of newspapers published in settlements), and even Polish-language radio programmes broadcast from Nairobi. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, The Soviets arrested and ul. Warszawa Poland, The Archives of Audio-visual Refugees in Poland were, until 2022, a relatively small group. Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. This was a small fraction of the approximately 1.7 million Polish citizens who had been arrested by the Soviets at the beginning of the war. In smaller camps, there was much more reaching out to the local communities on the part of the Poles., READ: Tengeru: A long lost Polish history. All are eager to help the Allied Cause in any way possible. On the left, smiling and with her arms crossed that was my grandmother," says Durand. Stalin simply said that there were none -- all those surviving the war had run away13 Churchill, however, saw the true dimension of the issue. their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). found out about the arrival of the transport they rallied around the exiles Snakes and other natural perils were commonplace. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. The first contingents of Polish refugees in World War Two 3.3. Ul. There was spinning, weaving, dressmaking, basket making with raffia from the wild palm trees in the forests, carpentry and metal-working. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. For two years, freight trains ferried entire Polish families across the greater Kresy region to Kazakhstan and luckily, over 110,000 Poles among them 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with the Polish forces. For tens of thousands the Soviet Union became their final resting place before the war's end. And none of these monstrous figures even include civilian and military combat or war-deaths. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". At Isfahan Polish orphanage, a children's camp was opened, where 2,300 children and 300 adults stayed and eight elementary schools were created. Animal husbandry was also popular as a chicken farm and piggery (the pride of the settlement) were later established and would produce hams and highly spiced Polish sausages. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. Within two years of the exiles arrival in Uganda, a unique community life developed in both the settlements, Koja and Nabyeya, which now had primary schools, secondary schools and a secondary economics school. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). 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